The HD44780 is a controller/driver IC for dot matrix character LCDs.
The HD44780 is a controller/driver IC designed by Hitachi, for dot matrix character LCDs. It uses an 8-bit parallel bus for interfacing with a microprocessor's databus, while a 4-bit mode is also possible. Today it's most often used with a microcontroller.
This is a typical LCD module controlled by an HD44780: