These fibre optic transmitters are up to 125MBd
https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/AV02-2590EN
USB 1 is 12Mbits/s USB 2.0 is 480Mbit/s
So in theory would be possible to buy 2 of these fibre optic cables and transfer data as USB at speeds somewhere between USB 1 and 2
Would there however be problems with pulse width distortion and syncing of the lines since USB is supposed to be a differential pair?