Getting 10 LEDs in dual parallels to be brighter

Question

I've go a small scale strobe light and from the output I'm using a power transistor to amplify it and Then I have two sets in series of 5 LEDs in parallel with one 200 ohm resistor after the transistor (9v Vcc). The problem is that is I use it with one LED its very bright, but when I use the Dual 5LED parallels the LEDs are very dim and I need them to be as bright as possible. Probably very simple, but I could use some help with how to go about it.

Answer 1

You will have a difficult time lighting LEDs in parallel reliably. A diode's relationship between current and voltage is subject to manufacturing variation and temperature dependence. When you put LEDs in parallel, the voltage across each must be equal, but the current may not be, because of these variations.

Importantly, a hot LED will draw more current at the same voltage than when its cold, so any LED which begins to heat unevenly will draw more current away from its parallel siblings, making it hotter, thus drawing more current. This sort of positive thermal feedback is called thermal runaway and is one reason why paralleled LEDs are avoided in all but the cheapest of cheap chineese flashlights.

That said, if all your LEDs are dim, it's likely because they are broken or not supplied with sufficient current. It sounds like you tried one LED with a resistor, and it was, then added more LEDs in parallel with the same resistor, and it was dimmer. If we just assume those LEDs share the current equally (ignoring the instabilities just mentioned), then they must share the current available. So, if you have 5 LEDs in parallel, each will have one fifth the current as there would be with just one LED.

Here's a simplified example, with just two LEDs in parallel, compared to just one LED:

Here we assume that the voltage across an LED is always 1.5V. We know the battery is 5V, so the voltage across the resistors must be 3.5V. By Ohm's law, the current through R1 or R2 must be \$ 3.5V / 175\Omega = 20mA \$. On the left, this current has only one place to go, through D1. But on the right, this current is split in half.

Again, don't parallel LEDs like this. The problem is that between manufacturing variation and temperature dependence, we can't know if the LEDs will split the current 50%/50% or 10%/90%. If you size your resistor to supply enough current for five LEDs, and one ends up hogging all of it, it will probably get too hot and fail.

Answer 2

With LEDs, you need a resistor for each one, as they do not share current equally if paralleled. You will need to calculate the resistor based on the Vf of the LED and it's maximum current rating. To increase the brightness, you need to reduce the resistance (increase the current for each LED, but remain below it's maximum)

Let's say your LEDs are typical red LEDs with a 20mA maximum rating. Red LEDs have a typical Vf of around 2V. Then your calculations are:

(Vsupply - Vf) / desired_current = resistor_value

So if we want the maximum 20mA, and we have a 9V supply, we get:

(9V - 2V) / 20mA = 350Ω

This means a separate resistor in series for each one.

If you tell us more about the LEDs (model number) and transistor then we can calculate specifically for your setup.

Just to explain about your current setup, the resistor will limit the current to a certain value (e.g. with the 7V across it as in the above example, 200Ω would be 35mA)
With one LED, it gets all the 35mA. With 5 LEDs, they get roughly 35mA/5 = 7mA each (in an ideal case, but since LEDs in parallel do not share the current equally unless it is controlled properly, the current each LED draws will vary considerably - you can read about it on the Wiki LED page.
Note the very sharp I-V curve, this is the reason the current must be controlled, the Vf drops as they get hotter, so they will draw more current, and get hotter, and the Vf drops, and... ...you get to the page on Thermal Runaway (in this case it would could also be referred to as current hogging - here is another good Wiki page on an LED circuit, explaining the reasons they must be current controlled).
All you can be sure of is that they will be dimmer since they only have the same current to share between 5 that the single LED had available)

Okay, here is a demonstration with schematics:

One LED with a 200Ω resistor (current marked in blue - ~28mA):

Now if we add the other 4 LEDs, but only use one resistor - note the current values have dropped (in the real world they would not be the same for each LED as mentioned above):

Now if we use a resistor for each LED, the current for each is the same as it was for the single LED:

Hopefully, you can see why we need a resistor for each LED.