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In the derivation Hybrid Model (Equivalent Circuit) of transistor, there is a step that replace differential \$dV_1\$ with AC component \$v_1\$. However, to the best of my knowledge, voltage equals sum of DC component and AC component, that is \$V_1(t)=V_{DC}+v_1(t)\$. If take derivatives on both side respect to time, as \$V_{DC}\$ is a constant, we get \$\frac{dV_1}{dt}=0+\frac{dv_1}{dt}\$ which simplifies to \$dV_1 = dv_1\$. So, I feel quite confused about this replacement.

Also, I think \$dV_1\$ means change (approximately) in voltage from time \$t\$ to \$t+\Delta{t}\$ while \$v_1\$ means the value of AC component voltage at time \$t\$, that seems to be quite different. Thus why shall we replace \$dV_1\$ by \$v_1\$ but not \$dv_1\$? Could anyone give me some hint? Thanks.

Page David
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  • You can find the non-linear hybrid-\$\pi\$ model [here](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/252199/38098), along with the transport and injection models. These are large-scale models, though. The linearized hybrid-\$\pi\$ is based upon the non-linear hybrid-\$\pi\$ model exhibited above and is developed exactly as Tim Wescott discusses in his answer below. – jonk Dec 22 '18 at 03:34
  • Also, you should start to "see" things like \$\text{d} V\$ as nothing more than any other algebraic variable. You can cancel them out just like any other variable, move them around like any other variable, etc. The ***only*** difference between \$\text{d} V\$ and \$V\$ is that \$\text{d} V\$ can only hold infinitesimal values and \$V\$ can only hold finite values. They are both "just variables," otherwise. Note: the ratio of two infinitesimal variables can be a finite value. So \$\frac{\text{d} V}{\text{d} t}=5\$ just means that \$\text{d} V=5\cdot\text{d} t\$. Nothing more or less. Simple. – jonk Dec 22 '18 at 03:42

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But it is not the derivative with respect to time that is important in this case.

The hybrid pi model is the result of doing something called linearization (which you ought to be able to search on). The notion is that you take the derivative around some input (in the video it appears to be \$I_1\$), build a linear model based on those derivatives, and then declare that the circuit behaves as the Taylor series approximation out to the first term.

The whole business of calling the variation an "AC" term riding on a "DC" term is an attempt to make it easier to understand. If it's making it harder to understand, then just go back and look at that Taylor's expansion, and think about it for a while.

TimWescott
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  • After watching ![https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRXQfZMzVJY](this video) I think this version made a lot more sense than the previous one. I think as a beginner in electronic, it is not a bad idea to skip this part first. Anyway, I am very appreciate about your answer. – Page David Dec 22 '18 at 08:46
  • Finally I caught the idea that h - model is used when AC component is relatively smaller than DC component and low frequency so AC component voltage = \$dU\$. xD – Page David Jan 07 '19 at 13:53