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I have been having problems with 2N7000 mosfets that perform perfectly on the breadboard, but when moved to a perfboard start failing. I'm on my third iteration now, replacing all mosfets, between iterations having eliminated possible other sources for failure. On my third attempt I've been probing each separate mosfet for shorts and testing them with the uC between soldering the next. After soldering the third of eight in total, all three suddenly failed. This time they failed having not a shorted gate-drain, as before, but turning the gate ON/OFF has no effect, current now always flows from Drain to Source. I'm quite desperate at this point. :(

  • I've always been very careful with ESD, always handling the mosfet by the plastic, not the pins. Last run I moved my soldering iron to a grounded socket.
  • Before starting handeling components and soldering, I always ground myself by touching the ground prong on the wall socket.
  • I've reduced soldering temperature to 250 C.
  • For testing purposes I'm switching an 1mA LED, at 24V (I verified the current).

My setup is as follows: A microcontroller* provides 0/5 volt to the gate of the mosfet (100ohm resistor on that). On the Drain, there's the LED with a current limiting resistor. Source is connected to ground. Basically there are no other components.

schematic

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Since everything is OK on the breadboard, and things start failing after soldering, but never after the first mosfet. I'm fairly confident that something goes wrong during soldering. What could I possibly do wrong here?

*) To be precise, an PCF8547 connected over i2c to an 5V Arduino.

EDIT: I verified that the wall socket is actually grounded.

UPDATE: I decreased temperature to 250C, no luck. I'm fairly sure that I'm not a source of ESD as I'm grounding myself throughout the soldering process, before and after. My suspicion is now on the cheap (but grounded) soldering iron. I'm going to replace it with a soldering station soon, hope that helps. Any additional insights/tips are welcome, I'll keep monitoring this topic and post new findings when the soldering station is in. I may also get some ESD workplace stuff like a strap, I have still to check what's available in this department.

EDIT & UPDATE: Decreased temperature further down to 250C. Now waiting for delivery of two new soldering irons.

svenema
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    Include a **schematic** instead of describing it in text, edit your question and use the build-in schematic drawing tool. I doubt the soldering is the issue. I solder at 330 degrees Celcius and in the last 30 years I do not remember destroying a component by soldering it for too long. – Bimpelrekkie Aug 14 '17 at 12:10
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    Since they are working very comfortably on breadboard, I don't blame the ESD here because the environment would be similar esd wise. Are you sure about the components and voltage levels being the same on breadboard and perf board? – Whiskeyjack Aug 14 '17 at 12:11
  • @Bimpelrekkie. Yeah, I'll add a diagram now.. gimme a few minutes ;-) – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 12:24
  • What do you mean "but never after the first mosfet"? What do you mean "start failing"? Do your LEDs work for a while, before the MOSFETs die, or they are DOA right after soldering? – Ale..chenski Aug 14 '17 at 12:58
  • @AliChen: Some develop a short between gate-drain, source-drain or no short, but gate does not stop current flow (always on). So the symptoms vary quite wildly. Also some work after soldering, but stop working after soldering more (it's a board of eight in a row, connected with common ground/source). – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 13:52
  • Are you using a mains socket which has the earth connected correctly? What surface are you working on (e.g. a wooden bench, an ESD mat...)? – Andrew Morton Aug 14 '17 at 14:23
  • @Andrew. I verified the mains is earthed (there's a connection between earth prong and plumbing). I'm working on a wooden table. No ESD mats or anything. – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 14:55
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    Wrap a copper wire around all pins before you kill more of these. – ajeh Aug 14 '17 at 17:57
  • I noticed that your U1 IC is hanging in the air, not connected to FET sources or "-24V". Is this just an omission, or something else? – Ale..chenski Aug 14 '17 at 18:38
  • @AliChen The full schematic is a bit large, I've attempted to just focus on the problem area. U1 is reliably delivering 0V,5V at quite a low current (hence the MOSFET and not a transistor). It's not hanging freely there, as described in the question. – svenema Aug 17 '17 at 09:13
  • @ajeh, what do you mean, "wrapping copper wire around all pins"? Can you elaborate on that? – svenema Aug 17 '17 at 09:14
  • I've never had any problems soldering 2N7000s. If the new soldering iron doesn't work out, you may want to consider where you got the parts. Are they a reliable source? Also double-check your perfboard for shorts and check your resistor values with a meter. – Tut Aug 17 '17 at 11:59
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    @svenema I mean that literally. That is how you protect MOSFETs from overvoltage during soldering: by shorting its pins. – ajeh Aug 17 '17 at 13:45
  • And now with the new tools? These questions are so more useful if they get updated with the results of the answers. – Paul Uszak Apr 13 '18 at 11:51
  • I just had the same problems as the creator of this question. Trying to solder some very simple N-MOS AND gate using 3x UTC 2N7000L QBP fets. On breadboard everything is fine, after soldering nothing works. In the data sheet it is said, that heat can be applied max. at 300 °C for 16sec. I tried soldering 4 boards with 295 °C and not touched the legs longer than 2 seconds but messed up all of them. I also use a soldering stations power with 220V but never ever had any ESD issues with that station. So for now I am not sure if this is really an ESD issue or if these fets just break if you apply s – Zumili Dec 02 '20 at 16:43

5 Answers5

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What kind of soldering iron are you using?

If you use a soldering iron powered directly from mains, instead of a proper soldering station, its tip will be connected, for safety reasons, to the earth ground of the electrical system of your building.

Although MOSFETs like 2N7000 are fairly rugged, compared to discrete parts of 20 years ago, they might get damaged by phantom voltages coming from the ground connection of your electrical system.

LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike
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  • Cheapo Toolcraft/Conrad, direct to mains iron. I noticed that the tip was connected to ground. That's good or bad? An upgrade to a more professional station is high on my wishlist ;-) – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 12:57
  • It's one of these: https://www.conrad.nl/nl/toolcraft-jls-03-soldeerbout-230-v-60-w-potloodvorm-200-tot-450-c-588269.html – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 14:00
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    The 2N7000 is older than 20 years, and [not rugged at all](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/9915/are-discrete-mosfets-esd-sensitive). Many other FETs add a Zener to the gate. – CL. Aug 14 '17 at 14:26
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    Is there a better protected/more modern drop-in replacement for this FET that is not SMD? – svenema Aug 14 '17 at 14:33
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    @CL Well, 20 years ago the 2N7000 was a relatively new thing, at least here in Italy, especially in the hobby market (low power, vertical "power" mosfet). The majority of other MOSFETs were easily killed by simply touching them without an ESD protection wrist band. I never managed to kill a 2N7000 by simple handling or soldering with a soldering station. So, yes, compared with older MOSFETs 2N7000 is fairly rugged. Yes, I know that handling that device without proper ESD countermeasures could degrade its performance, but for hobby work that is usually not a big issue. – LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike Aug 14 '17 at 22:30
  • @CL. TL;DR. The point I was trying to make was that the OP would have been extremely careless to kill all those mosfets by simple mishandling. There is something repetitive in his problem, hence I suspected a unsuitable soldering iron. – LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike Aug 14 '17 at 22:31
  • @svenema Ditch that soldering iron! If you are a bit serious in your hobby, buy a proper soldering station, even a cheap one. Soldering irons directly connected to mains are not suitable for electronics, especially when you are dealing with sensitive devices such as MOSFETs and ICs. – LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike Aug 14 '17 at 22:34
  • You're right, and I've ordered a TS-100, the iron that is making waves on the internet right now, not everyone likes is, but it runs on 24V, as does my car, so it's a great travelling companion. Also ordered a hot air solder station to get started on SMD. Even though my iron was only €15, I have always been quite happy with it. – svenema Aug 17 '17 at 09:10
  • @svenema 2N7002CK is N-channel MOSFET with gate protection zener diodes built in. It is SMD though, but it's better to start working with SMD sooner than later these days. – Volodymyr Smotesko Aug 17 '17 at 12:13
  • @svenema BTW, rare SMDs need hot air pencil/gun. I still think in this case that the soldering iron has a substantial leakage to 110V/220 AC mains, and this is what is killing the FETs. The unnecessary 100 Ohms resistors on transistors gates only aggravate the issue. – Ale..chenski Aug 17 '17 at 17:03
  • @AliChen; Yes, I see what you mean, I thought the 100ohms were for protection, but I guess it works against you when soldering. And I'm now switching to SMD, learing Eagle as we speak... :D – svenema Aug 17 '17 at 17:23
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Another viewpoint. Does your uController's output pin have a pull-down capability and are you using it? If not the Mosfet's gate capacitance (that holds it on) may not be bled away and the Drain to Source connection remains intact. You may try placing a high value resistor (10K or more) from the gate to ground to force the Mosfet gate capacitance to drain when you want to shut it off from the uController's pin.

Russ
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  • Check the ground on your soldering iron and be sure the plug you connect it to is also properly grounded. – Gil Jun 16 '21 at 02:21
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I bet you overheat it with to low of a temperature forcing you to apply the heat for a longer time. I use 370C and you just have to quickly touch the pad, pin and solder so the heat doesnt transfer upp into the casing when soldering small lite fragile components like this. You can't blast it with several seconds of heating. If you use led free solder the situation becomes even worse.

Johan Hansson
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Excuse me for my English.

Although this thread is old but I want to mention something that may help someone with similar problem. I had similar problem with current flows from source to drain when gate voltage was 0V on IRLML2502 and I solved the problem by disconnecting the soldering iron from main socket during soldering the transistor. This problem is observed only with infineon manufactured mosfet and not others like IOR ,that was very odd to me!!

Mc Donald
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  • thanks, will try that! -- I had kinda parked this project, will resume it somewhere in the next year. replying to old threats on StackExchange can definiatly be useful :) – svenema Dec 24 '19 at 06:19
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    @svenema also, if humidity is low, ESD is nearly impossible to stop, unless you use a conductive table-top (special ESD mat,) plus a wrist-bracelet and cord, even ionizing blower! The ancient 2N7000 is particularly sensitive, lacking the heavy protection used in later CMOS chips. If you touch ground briefly, then slightly shift your butt on the chair, or move your shoes on the rug, your body-voltage immediately goes up to many kilovolts. That's why you need to be grounded continuously (with 1meg resistor in the ground-wire, to prevent electrocution from touching line-volts!) – wbeaty Jun 15 '21 at 20:12
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    @svenema also, a shorted gate is the symptom of over-voltage, which usually comes from high-volts present on human bodies and plastic table surfaces during low humidity. When MOS develops shorted gates during soldering, it's almost always an ESD problem. (Heh, do your soldering in a small closet with humidifier, so everything is damp! ) – wbeaty Jun 15 '21 at 20:30
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  1. Make sure you don't overheat the part above 300C during soldering
  2. Use proper esd protection, the gates are nanometers thick and can get blown out by hundreds of volts, your body generates thousands.
  3. Make sure you allow the part to cool down before operating it.

#3 is something that people don't realize is a problem and don't leave enough time between rework and operation. The operating temperature is usually in the 90C to 125C for most parts, and the part can get well above 120C during rework.

Voltage Spike
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