Why Are Ethernet/RJ45 Sockets Magnetically Coupled?

Question

As the title says really, why do ethernet sockets need to be mag-coupled? I have a basic understanding of electronics, but mostly, I can't figure out the right search terms to google this properly.

Answer 1

The correct answer is because the ethernet specification requires it.

Although you didn't ask, others may wonder why this method of connection was chosen for that type of ethernet. Keep in mind that this applies only to the point-to-point ethernet varieties, like 10base-T and 100base-T, not to the original ethernet or to ThinLan ethernet.

The problem is that ethernet can support fairly long runs such that equipment on different ends can be powered from distant branches of the power distribution network within a building or even different buildings. This means there can be significant ground offset between ethernet nodes. This is a problem with ground-referenced communication schemes, like RS-232.

There are several ways of dealing with ground offsets in communications lines, with the two most common being opto-isolation and transformer coupling. Transformer coupling was the right choice for ethernet given the tradeoffs between the methods and what ethernet was trying to accomplish. Even the earliest version of ethernet that used transformer coupling runs at 10 Mbit/s. This means, at the very least, the overall channel has to support 10 MHz digital signals, although in practice with the encoding scheme used it actually needs twice that. Even a 10 MHz square wave has levels lasting only 50 ns. That is very fast for opto-couplers. There are light transmission means that go much much faster than that, but they are not cheap or simple at each end like the ethernet pulse transformers are.

One disadvantage of transformer coupling is that DC is lost. That's actually not that hard to deal with. You make sure all information is carried by modulation fast enough to make it thru the transformers. If you look at the ethernet signalling, you will see how this was considered.

There are nice advantages to transformers too, like very good common mode rejection. A transformer only "sees" the voltage across its windings, not the common voltage both ends of the winding are driven to simultaneously. You get a differential front end without a deliberate circuit, just basic physics.

Once transformer coupling was decided on, it was easy to specify a high isolation voltage without creating much of a burden. Making a transformer that insulates the primary and secondary by a few 100 V pretty much happens unless you try not to. Making it good to 1000 V isn't much harder or much more expensive. Given that, ethernet can be used to communicate between two nodes actively driven to significantly different voltages, not just to deal with a few volts of ground offset. For example, it is perfectly fine and within the standard to have one node riding on a power line phase with the other referenced to the neutral.

Answer 2

1. Isolation. So if the cable is shorted to a high voltage, your board won't blow up.
2. It is needed since the other end may have a different ground. That's a specific case of isolation, but it is also required in normal operation.

Answer 3

Isolation is a very good idea on communications systems that are linking lots of different hardware over a wide area. You don't want fault current/voltages in the mains wiring or devices to spread onto your communications wiring.

There are basically two options for isolation, opto and transformer. Transformer isolation has a couple of major advantages. Firstly the signal power passes through the transformer which means you don't need to get a power supply to the "isolated" side of the barrier. Secondly transformers are very good at generating and receiving differential signals while providing high common mode rejection, this makes them a good combination with twisted pair wiring. Thirdly it is easy to design transformers for high frequency (aka high speed) than optocouplers.

Transformer coupling does have some downsides, transformers don't work at DC and small transformers that work well at high frequencies don't work so well at low frequencies but this is easilly dealt with through line coding schemes that avoid low frequencies.

Answer 4

One more important seamless function oftenly forgotten is impedance matching:

The signal transformer matches the PHY side impedance (typ 100 Ohm diff) with the line side impedance (typ 150 Ohm diff).

SOME CLARIFICATION after Kevin's comment:

from here:

Some naming for differetn cable types:

• UTP = Unshielded Twisted (Balanced) 4-Pair Cable, 100 Ohms
• STP = Overall foil/braid Shielded 2-pair Cable w/ Individually shielded, 150 Ohm
• FTP = Overall foil shielded 4-pair Cable, 100 Ohm
• ScTP = Overall foil/braid Shielded Cable, 100 or 120 Ohm

Also, 100-ohm UPT and 150-ohm STP are both mentioned in the Standard as the medium --- see IEEE 802.3, sub-clause 24.1.2, item d).

Therefore it is clearly to say that the signal transformer matches the PHY side impedance (typ 100 Ohm diff) with the line side impedance (may be various).