Good explanations of audio piezo element behavior

Question

Is there any description anywhere of how voltage, current, mass, momentum, and air interact in a typical audio piezo, and what sort of signal should be expected on the third pin of a three-terminal device (phase relationship with regard to drive, etc.) I'd like to drive a piezo as loudly and as efficiently as possible from a small battery; presumably that would imply trying to maximally exploit its resonant behavior. The normal circuit given for driving 3-wire piezos looks inefficient to my eye (similar to a class A amplifier), though perhaps there's something about the way piezos behave electrically which would cause the resistors to spend most of their time sitting with very low voltage across them.

I've google searched for audio piezo electrical behavior, and didn't find anything useful; I did find some explanation of how crystals work, but I would think the diaphragm coupling piezo-element vibrations to the air would substantially affect the behavior.

Addendum

I understand pretty well how motors work: an ideal motor can be modeled as a black box such that the voltage across the motor leads at any given time will be some constant number of volts per (revolution per second), and the current through the motor will be some constant number of amps per ounce inch of applied torque, and most practical motors can be modeled as an ideal motor in series with a resistor and inductor. What I'd like would be a similar understanding for piezos.

The voltage across a piezo doesn't seem to represent its absolute position, nor its velocity, nor acceleration. What would the voltage on an "ideal" piezo represent, and what must be added to the model of an ideal piezo to make it reasonably match real-world behavior?

Answer 1

Do you really want an explanation of how it works from a device physics / acoustics standpoint, or rather how to drive it best?

As far as the latter goes, you've got four aspects related serially:

1. what is your driving circuit voltage/current capability
2. the frequency response curve of the piezo (should be in the datasheet, if not then pick another part)
3. the acoustics between the piezo and ambient air at the listener's ear
4. the frequency response curve of the human ear (see linked article)

You have control over #1 and #3. Optimal piezo mounting is at its nodal ring for the main vibrational mode (area inside the nodal ring is bending one way, area outside the nodal ring is bending the other way) -- see mfrs app guides, and then you have to couple acoustically to the surrounding air.

As far as drive circuit goes, the piezos are capacitive in nature, so it's probably feasible to add an appropriate inductor to create a switching circuit that would be more efficient. (If I were designing a system, I'd go for a cheap drive circuit that works at the resonant frequency, and then spend any extra money I had to buy a larger battery -- of course if your battery is fixed and your budget has room, then you have a different priority)

My guess is you'd probably want to use a 3-terminal piezo so you can get feedback for resonant behavior.

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edit: I've read your update. DC motors are 'easy' w/r/t modeling -- they're basically an electromechanical (rotary) transformer without too many parasitic elements between the device terminals and the "ideal" electromechanical transformer represented by the back-emf/torque constants relating voltage <-> rotational velocity and current <-> torque.

While I'm not personally familiar with modeling piezoelectric transducers, my understanding is that they are electromechanical transformers as well, but with more parasitic components. Per the Wikipedia page on their electrical properties:

The dependent voltage source V is proportional to strain (= fractional elongation/contraction in one direction). I can't figure out what the current through that voltage source would be proportional to; it may be rate of change of strain (with V "really" being proportional to stress, which is proportional to strain via Young's modulus, so V*I = stress * rate of change of strain, which I think gives you some indication of power, with a missing factor that's proportional to volume of the transducer).

The problem from a measuring standpoint is that V isn't directly available at the device terminals; instead you've got all this other crud between, so you can't measure it at DC.