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I am trying to use an array of sensors to trigger a series of stepper motors based on peoples' presence within different areas of a hallway. It is for an interactive kinetic art piece at an elementary school.

I've tested with ultrasonic sensors, but because they will be overhead, facing down (ie, into people's soft, ultrasonic wave dampening hair) they are unreliable.

I have tested with PIRs, and they seem to be much closer to the behaviour I want. The only problem is the large time between readings. This is a problem because it allows people to pass parts of their body under the sensing area without being detected. I think kids will want to play with the sensors in this way, rather than just walking underneath, and the lack of responsiveness will become apparent quickly.

I've tested with both Parallax and ITEAD brand PIR sensors, and spec'd out a number of others. The shortest time between readings I could find was with the ITEAD, at around 2 seconds.

The ITEAD sensor uses the BISS0001 IC, and after looking at the IC's datasheet and the ITEAD's Schematic, I managed to shorten the time between readings to closer to a half a second by shorting across R13 and R33.

enter image description here

That said, I don't know if this will affect the performance or lifespan of the sensor, and I'm wondering why I can't find a PIR sensor with shorter read times. Do they exist and I just don't know what to look for? Or is there a practical limit to their read times?

Passerby
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user2418372
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  • Motion is slow, that's probably why it's slow. 2 seconds is also (possibly) a way to limit noise from certain indoor lighting sources. Could you clarify what it is you are trying to measure ? – HKOB Feb 10 '15 at 08:14
  • edited to give more background. Interesting idea about limiting noise – user2418372 Feb 10 '15 at 17:18
  • Can you use a video-based solution? Modern video-based monitoring systems have algorithms that compare the current video frame with previous frames and generate a flag when they are different. This can be very fast. – Dwayne Reid Feb 10 '15 at 20:30
  • Perhaps you should try to adjust Tx and Ti as specified in the datasheet? Tx = trigger pulse width, Ti = inhibition period. – HKOB Feb 10 '15 at 20:59
  • @DwayneReid it's a good idea, but not in the budget unfortunately. – user2418372 Feb 16 '15 at 20:09
  • @HKOB, that was my thinking in shorting across R13 and R33 on the ITEAD's PCB. It helped, but didn't shorten the time as much as I had hoped. I tried shorting across the capacitors that also affect the timing, but found it made the sensor non-functional, so it seems like there are minimum limits to the timing, and I'm over my head trying to figure it out. I'd also much prefer finding PIRs that are designed to sense often, rather than modifying them. Thanks for the suggestions. – user2418372 Feb 16 '15 at 20:21
  • There are no R13 and R33, however in the datasheet schematic there is R9, R10, C6, and C7. If you rather reduce the value of C6 and C7, say to 1 nF, that has a little bit higher chance of working. (if you just short over the resistor, there may still be something limiting the current internally in the IC) – HKOB Feb 16 '15 at 20:27
  • Oops, I posted the same link twice. The second link (fixed now) is to the PIR's PCB, which I was referencing when I mentioned R13 and R33. Anyway, thanks for the suggestion re: capacitors. – user2418372 Feb 16 '15 at 21:23
  • Ok, after looking at the new schematic I suppose my suggestions stands: removing CY1 and CY2 and shorting R13 and R33, should give maximum effect for the control circuit. Although it might not work so well anymore, as some minimum value for these components might be necessary. – HKOB Feb 17 '15 at 13:10

2 Answers2

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The BISS0001 is a not well documented (In English) Chinese IC. How it operates with certain changes is not well known. But the changes you made shouldn't affect it's life.

In the posted schematic, R13, along with RT1 (The Time potentiometer) and CY1 control the On Time of the Module's output. R33 and CY2 control the Minimum Off Time. There is also Jumper JP1 which handles the Trigger mode.

The Formula for the On Time is Tx ~= 24576 * Rx in kΩ * Cx in µF. This provides time in milliseconds. Multiply by 0.001 for seconds. R13 + RT1 = Rx. RT1 can be anywhere between 0Ω and 1MΩ (1000kΩ). CY1 = Cx. In the Schematic, CY1 is a 103 capacitor, which is 0.01 µF. Given this, we can calculate the two time ranges, when you shorted R13 out (Value of 0):

Tx = 24576 * (0kΩ + 0kΩ) * 0.01 µF * 0.001 ~= 0 seconds
Tx = 24576 * (0kΩ + 1000kΩ) * 0.01 µF * 0.001 ~= 245 seconds

The Off Time is similar. Ti = 24 * Ri * Ci, again times 0.001 for seconds. Ri = R33, Ci = CY2 (104 means 0.1µF). Since you shorted R33 out...

Ti = 24 * 0kΩ * 0.1µF * 0.001 ~= 0 seconds

Multiplying by 0 is easy. That said, we don't know how the BISS0001 handles the time, if it has a minimum period or not. Other PIR sensor ICs use a RC circuit to create an oscillator, so shorting the resistor would break the oscillator function.

Also consider JP1, which connects pin 1, A (Mode Select). If tied to Low/ground, it will not retrigger if motion is detected while the output is already high/on. If tied to High/Vcc, it will retrigger, meaning the On Time clock restarts, even if the sensor is already outputting high. So if someone is moving around in the field of view, it won't turn off in the middle of movement.

enter image description here

Also, don't forget to turn the Sensitivity potentiometer to it's highest setting.

But assuming you have On Time set to 1 second or less, and Off Time set to 0 seconds, and sensitivity potentiometer set to MAX, you still have to deal with the PIR sensor. The BISS0001 handles detection logic, but the sensor itself is an analog device that has it's own conditions for signaling a change. Short of it is, depending on the fresnel lens you have on it, which helps widen and divide the field of view, which direction you have the sensor pointed at (people walking directly towards the front of it will be less noticeable compared to people walking across it's field of vision.), and how quickly the sensor detects the changes based on it's composition, it does take time for the module to trigger. The PIR sensor AND the BISS0001 logic chip both [likely] have hysteresis to prevent over sensitivity and chronic triggering. The sensor requires time to reset when first turned on, and map the field of visions' default Infrared State. It only maps changes from one "picture" to the next.

Passerby
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  • _Hysterics_ ('a wildly emotional and exaggerated reaction') would probably be responsible for chronic triggering. _Hysteresis_ would solve it. ;^) Good answer. +1 – Transistor Jan 17 '16 at 00:12
  • @transistor Hysterics? What Hysterics? You're making things up. ;) – Passerby Jan 17 '16 at 00:34
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Panasonic does have a range of sensors with ranges from 5m to 12m and they update at 10Hz. See https://na.industrial.panasonic.com/products/sensors/sensors-automotive-industrial-applications/pir-motion-sensor-papirs

These include the detection, false trigger suppression and reset management internally, and in some cases at quite low power (6uA typically).

Ray Keefe
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  • I fixed some minor grammar issues. Double check your answers when your done to find typo's, etc. –  Feb 06 '18 at 03:46
  • @Sparky256 - *you're *typos :) – Bort Feb 06 '18 at 04:04
  • @Bort. Not correct English if subject is singular. Don't get picky with me. You're is a contraction of 'you are'. –  Feb 06 '18 at 04:10
  • @Sparky256 - *"...when your done..."* Sounds like a contraction of "you are" to me. You can have the singular, but I'll never let an uncontracted "your" slide! – Bort Feb 06 '18 at 04:15