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Many years ago most electronic devices had internal power supplies only - there was a mains voltage cable running into the unit where mains AC would be converted and distributed for consumption. That was typical for shavers, TV sets, monitors, printers, other stuff.

Now I see more and more devices that have external powers supplies. Either it's a box with two prongs that is plugged right into the outlet or it's a separate box with a mains cable running into it. Either way it has some 12V to 36V DC output cable that is then plugged into the device.

I could see the following reasons for such design:

  • easier to suite for different voltages and outlets - one single model of device can be equipped with an adapter suitable for the market it targets
  • less wire with mains voltage - less metal and insulation
  • less wire with direct mains connection - lower risk of electric shock.

What are actual reasons for making power supplies external?

sharptooth
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3 Answers3

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Yes, I mostly agree with Martin. I've been in early design meetings where we wanted to provide a direct line cord, but that eventually got shot down due to the hassle and expense of getting regulatory approval. We know that consumers don't like wall warts, but unfortunately the compliance issues in getting a product to market force this tradeoff.

It's actually not a legal requirement. There are surprisingly few of those, at least here in the US. However, in reality you can't have a consumer product that uses wall power in some form without UL or equivalent certification. You can follow all the best design rules and know your product is at least as safe as others with approval, but nobody wants to gamble on the liability of not having their butt covered by UL. Major retailers, for example, wouldn't touch it without formal approval.

If your product sells in the millions, sooner or later someone is going to do something stupid and get zapped. It may even be deliberate fraud just to try to extract a settlement, but that matters little. It helps tremendously in the legal process to say that your product followed "accepted safety practises" and was certified to that effect by UL or equivalent.

If you use a external approved power supply so that low voltage only goes to your unit, you are pretty much off the hook safety-wise. The external power supply provides the isolation, and as long as voltages in your unit are 48V or less and limited to a particular current (I forget the limit), you're basically fine.

For moderate product drawing 10s of Watts or more, it's usually worth it to put the line cord on it directly. Plenty of manufacturers make pre-certified power bricks you can embed into the product. You still will want certification for the whole product, but that's a lot easier and cheaper if you are using a power brick that has already been certified. In that case they usually just look for overall insulation and spacing, that the proper fuse is before the power brick, the mechanics of how the power enters the unit, etc.

If the product is intended for international distribution (and more are these days), you put a standard line cord socket on the product, then provide localized line cords. Power bricks that work over the worldwide range of roughly 90-240 VAC 50/60 Hz are pretty common these days. After a few 10s of Watts, most will have power factor control too.

Olin Lathrop
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    Nicely put answer. Thank you for insider look at it! –  Jun 06 '11 at 14:19
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    That is it. That is the answer. Code (ie UL) compliance. Which among other things can add precious time to a development cycle. It is something each of us can take note of when developing our own projects: mains power is *serious business* and (for certification reasons) best left on the other side of the wall wart. – Harper - Reinstate Monica Jun 02 '17 at 17:16
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The main advantage is:

It moves most of the problems of safety compliance to the external power supply and out of the product, and there are many external PSUs on the market that already meet all the safety agency approvals. Otherwise each variant of the electronic product has to pass a full set of safety tests which basically test the internal PSU.

Secondary advantage is that it allow the manufacturer to make one international product and supply various adapters to different markets.

In comparison with those two reasons, a shorter mains cable is a minor consideration. There are some other factors:

  • It keeps the noise of a switching PSU away from the product, where it could interfere with its operation.
  • It keeps the heat of the PSU out of the product.
  • Handheld/portable products can be smaller if they don't need to accept a large mains connector with the required creepage and clearance spaces on the PCB.
Martin
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The main reason is heat. Small devices/appliances have a harder time dissipating heat from AC to DC conversion. By placing AC/DC converter outside the chassis small devices/appliances move the source of heat away from the other components and reduce cost by not having to deal with it inside the chassis.

You get several other benefits as well, for example modular design, compliance and to a certain degree marketing.

Tim at IPCopper
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