Can somebody explain me the numbering system for integrated circuits?
No. Nobody can. They are arbitrary numbers made up by someone needing to add another part into the part numbering system. Sometimes for some chips from some manufacturers, some of the part number may have meaning. However, the general case is that it's a arbitrary string you just have to copy to the BOM.
That said, part numbers are often broken into several fields. There may be a leading part that tells you what overall family the device is in, a part in the middle that is a arbitrary string identifying the particular device, and a part at the end that identifies the package for devices that come in different packages. However, even for standard packages, the package designator part of the overall number will be manufacturer specific.