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I have a system that was designed for testing digital components. I have a device in the system which is used for generation and acquisition of digital signals. Now, I will happily admit to not fully understanding everything I'm about to say, but:

  • The outputs of the device have a 50Ω nominal impedance,
  • The cable carrying these signals is a 50Ω cable designed for the device,
  • The PCB the cable is plugged into is supposed to use 50Ω characteristic impedance on the lines with length matching to 0.5" and signals routed on the same layer.

For clarity: the output of the device is sent through a cable, which is attached to a PCB, where the signals are routed a short distance to a high pin-count connector. I am trying to see how high of a frequency I can reasonably generate with this device, so I started with the default for the software I have: 50MHz. And the signal looked like this:

50MHz digital signal

When I slowed down the signal to 1MHz to get a closer look at the transition, I got this:

1MHz digital signal

I believe that I'm following the instructions in the device's specification sheet correctly...50Ω cable (designed for the device), 50Ω traces on the PCB (if the company who designed the PCB did what they said they did), into a high-impedance load (my scope).

I suppose my question is this: am I measuring the signal wrong, or was the system designed wrong? Is there anything that I am grossly misunderstanding? If the system was designed wrong, are these graphs sufficient to show that or is there another measurement that would be more illustrative?

Edit: I was asked to show what the signal looks like when "properly" terminated, aka not just floating non-terminated out of the connector of my system. The process through which this signal arrives is kind of a mess (see my comments) but here's what I've got:

Terminated

Edit#2: I stuck a 50Ω resistor between the digital output I'm observing and the ground that the signal is referenced to and I got the following output. From my understanding of this conversation, this seems to not be what I would have expected.

Terminated 50Ω to ground

Edit#3: See The Photon's accepted answer, but here's what the signal looked like after I removed a long, unterminated cable that was essentially dangling in the wind and also terminated the point I was measuring with a 50Ω resistor.

Removed cable, terminated 50Ω to ground

TheNoonMoose
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    The traces are routed to a connector, but there's nothing attached to that connector? Do you have a 50 Ohm termination at the end of your transmission line? – The Photon Feb 04 '13 at 19:19
  • There is nothing attached to the connector besides my high-impedance scope. Is there an "easy" (for varying values of easy) way to add a 50Ω termination just so I can test this correctly? It seems like it may be more complicated than just attaching a 50Ω resistor to the positive end of my scope probe. – TheNoonMoose Feb 04 '13 at 19:35
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    Depends a lot on the type of connector. Can you post a photo or link a datasheet for the connector? – The Photon Feb 04 '13 at 19:38
  • [This is the connector](http://www.vpc.com/part/510151108/). Like I said, 50Ω output impedance, 50Ω cable, supposedly 50Ω traces on the PCB, leading to that connector, which is where I'm probing things. – TheNoonMoose Feb 04 '13 at 19:43
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    What's the thing that's normally attached to that connector? Is it another board or another cable? If it's another board, can you just put one of those on, with the load that would normally terminate the line, and then probe that board? – The Photon Feb 04 '13 at 19:45
  • This is where things start to get...unfortunate. A nearly identical connector slots into that, which has a PCB soldered onto it, which breaks out all the signals to female headers, which get brought up to a perfboard where things get solder-blobbed and wire-wrapped to some sockets where I'm trying to functionally test some DIPs. I designed all of that to mate with the system I was given with almost no knowledge of what I'm doing. See the picture I've added to my question for an image of the signal being brought to its final resting place. – TheNoonMoose Feb 04 '13 at 20:05
  • Just as a side note : the best way to terminate this for measurement, is to turn on the 50 ohm load in your scope's input. The better scopes have that option... You can also get a BNC adapter that has the termination built in. –  Feb 05 '13 at 09:50

2 Answers2

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The scope traces are typical of ringing observed when a signal is operated without the designed load.

A simple experiment for the purposes of getting a usable oscilloscope trace would be to add a 50 Ohm resistor to the output end of the cable, and connect the oscilloscope probe across that resistor. A wire-wound resistor would not be ideal, as those come with their characteristic inductance. A carbon resistor is probably easiest to source and acceptable for the experiment.

While the resistor may not have the expected capacitance or inductance of the actual load the device was designed for, this should still reduce or eliminate the signal voltage overshoots you see in the signal trace.

Anindo Ghosh
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  • Actually, no, they aren't. The noticeable time delay between the first reflection and the later ringing is the clue that something more interesting than a simple lack of load is going on. – Chris Stratton Feb 05 '13 at 20:41
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The plot you showed in edit #2 should only happen if there's a long "stub" somewhere hanging off your signal path. Just a wrong termination shouldn't cause this. It looks like either there's a second arm coming off the source that isn't terminated, or your probe location is in the middle of the line and the line continues quite a ways (and isn't terminated correctly) after going past the scope probe.

The step duration is about about 10 ns, indicating a stub 2.5 to 5 feet long.

After we discussed this in chat, you let me know,

So I learned two things: one, there is a pretty good digital ground plane where everything is connected so that shouldn't be much of an issue if i'm probing the connector two, there actually might be long stubs hanging off of my signal path. The [NI] digital IO card I'm using has two large sets of outputs which are brought to the PCB separately basically one connector is DATA and one connector is SENSE so on the PCB, those are two separate connectors, and they get wired together across a pretty large expanse of pcb like, 2.32 inches straight, not taking the few bends in the run into account, from the digital IO I've been measuring to the sense line it is connected to

and then later

OK, that was totally the problem. Long story short- there was totally a Y [stub].

More detail: Like I said, there was a cable for DATA, and a cable for SENSE with the lines being tied together on the PCb but since I don't really know how to use sense, or if I'll ever even really need it it was just a meter of cable running off in the opposite direction i've got 1ns rise times across a 50Ω load now and the signal even looks pretty good unterminated (or rather into high impedance)

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The Photon
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